The relative expression levels of biomarkers in the TP53 pathway (Fig. 4I) and RTK-PI3K pathway (Fig. 4K) were mostly higher in oligodendroglioma, except for FGFR2 and PTPN11. Astrocytoma exhibited increased or increased signals of expression of RB pathway biomarkers (Fig. 4J). Here, RB1 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).