Regarding DDR signatures calculated using the ABSOLUTE algorithm, astrocytoma showcased a higher CNA burden, ploidy score, subclonal genome fraction (SGF), homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score, sensitivity to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors 7 (PARPi7) and TP53 score, while oligodendroglioma exhibited a higher aneuploidy score (AS), tumor purity and loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) (Fig. 2F; Additional file 9: Table S3). The gene discussed is TP53; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).