TNF and COVID-19: In our COVID-19 mouse model, the analysis of cytokine levels in lung tissues revealed elevated levels of TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, CCL2, and CXCL10 (Figure 4D), which is consistent with the results from the plasma of COVID-19 patients (Huang et al., 2020).