TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: While, e.g., CRS caused by SARS leads to the predominant release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IFNγ, IP10, and MCP-1 [6], COVID-19-associated CRS [56] has been characterized by increased release of IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, G-CSF, IP10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and TNFα [29].