IRS1 and Insulin resistance: These mechanisms may be involved in hyperglycemia by phosphorylation of serine/threonine in insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) in liver cells leading to the decline in insulin sensitivity, resulting in insulin resistance (Gu et al., 2015; Gurevitch et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020).