PSMD1 and alkaline phosphatase measurement: The S1 and RBD-elicited Ca2+ signals in macrophages and stellate cells, demonstrated in this study, would be likely to exacerbate an otherwise mild case of AP initiated, for example, by the primary action of bile acids or a combination of ethanol and fatty acids on the acinar cells, and could help to explain the known cases of severe AP associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection4,24.