Increase in inflammatory cytokines containing interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and disorder in endothelial function markers including E-selectin, vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and thrombomodulin were detectable in serum or peripheral blood cells in patients with CKD, with some increasing with overhydration (15, 33, 34). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and chronic kidney disease.