TNF and chronic kidney disease: Increase in inflammatory cytokines containing interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and disorder in endothelial function markers including E-selectin, vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and thrombomodulin were detectable in serum or peripheral blood cells in patients with CKD, with some increasing with overhydration (15, 33, 34).