For cytokine profiles, as shown in Supplementary Figure 2, with a total of 36 cytokines, the following 15 proteins expressions were detected in the plasma of COPD and COPD-PH patients: CCL5/RANTES, CD40 Ligand/TNFSF5, Complement Component C5/C5a, CXCL1/GROα, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL11/I- TAC, CXCL12/SDF-1, G-CSF, ICAM-1/CD54, IL-1ra/IL-1F3, IL-13, IL-16, IL-18/IL-1F4, MIF, and Serpin E1/PAI-1. Here, MIF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.