TLR4 and colorectal cancer: Using colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT116, DLD1, SW480, and HT-29) and xenograft mice, it was shown that F. nucleatum promotes colorectal cancer cell growth by modulating E-cadherin and promotes cancer cell proliferation via FadA adhesin, activating TLR4 signaling to nuclear factor-kB (Rubinstein et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2017).