As drugs that increase the cellular NAD+ concentration appear to extend lifespan and protect against neurodegeneration in model systems, future research investigating whether activation of the SIRT3-UPRmt independently of the ATF5-UPRmt achieves these same effects could aid in the design of more targeted therapeutics with the potential to increase resistance to the ill-effects of aging and NDD. The gene discussed is SIRT3; the disease is Neurodevelopmental delay.