NFKB1 and atherosclerosis: Hishikawa et al., found that caffeic acid phenethyl ester can inhibit NF-κB, TNF-α, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) related genes in the aorta and ameliorate the progression of atherosclerosis in mice lacking apolipoprotein E (Hishikawa et al., 2005).