INS and Insulin resistance: Moreover, patrilineal female mice, as well as matrilineal female and male mice, showed increased serum insulin levels and insulin resistance, which is consistent with previous reports that BPA or HFD exposure can cause insulin resistance (Naville et al., 2019; Farrugia et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021).