Preclinical studies have shown that HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 can upregulate TGF-β1 promoter activity (47) and can increase expression of immunosuppressive cytokines, resulting in overexpression of TGF-β, which stimulates survival and proliferation of cervical cancer cell lines (44, 48, 49). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cervical carcinoma.