NFKB1 and Autoimmunity: Several studies have shown the ES could be a target organ attacked by the allergic reaction (5), viral or bacterial infection (9–11), autoimmunity (13–15), otitis media-induced inflammatory products and toxins (44), circulating immune complexes (45), genetic predisposition to altered NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses (21) and distinct and altered cytokine profiles (16), resulting in the damage of the epithelial layers surrounding the ES space and the dysfunction of ES.