TNF and Menkes disease: Significant differences were noted in the expression levels of IFN-γ (P < 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.008) and TNF-α (P = 0.036) in the luminal fluid of the ES compared between the MD and AN groups, whereas no statistically significant differences were observed in the expression levels of IL-10 (P = 0.154), IL-12p70 (P = 0.344) and IL-17A (P = 0.659) in the luminal fluid of the ES comparing between the MD and AN groups (Figure 3A).