APOE and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In an analysis of 6,582 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging, individuals with baseline obesity had about a 30% increased risk of dementia even after adjusting for sex, baseline age, apolipoprotein E-ε4 (APOE-ε4), education, physical activity, smoking, marital status, hypertension and diabetes (98).