INS and metabolic syndrome: OA is a versatile molecule, which directly reacts with single proteins involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses as well as insulin signaling; however, the major contributions of this triterpene against chronic diseases associated with metabolic syndrome derives from its ability to modify the expression of key genes in the adaptive cellular response against the oxidative and chemo-toxic stresses, with a leading role for the interaction with the transcription factors Nrf2 and NFκB [199].