AGER and diabetes mellitus: l-Arabinose upregulated the hepatic expression of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase B serine/threonine protein kinase (PI3K/AKT) and MAPK pathways downstream of insulin signaling, whereas the advanced glycation end products receptor for the advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) pathway involved in diabetes complications was upregulated by l-arabinose in both HepG2 and Caco-2 cells.