MAPK3 and cancer: Moreover, treatment with dietary CTDs such as astaxanthin, α-carotene, lycopene, and β-carotene may significantly decrease the status of the phosphorylation of AKT, JNK, MAPKs, and ERK1/2, thus reducing the tumour cell divisions and their life [88,92,95]; this family of mitogen-activated protein kinases retrieves a key role in the function of NF-κB and other intracellular oncogenic signalling, thus enhancing the survival of cancer cells.