MAPK1 and neoplasm: Nevertheless, a higher level of dietary CTDs, such as carotenes, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene, and consequently a higher concentration in blood serum, positively influences the inhibition of the molecular landscapes of carcinogenesis and tumour progression; this is believed to take place by the repression of key intracellular signalling processes, i.e., NF-κB, AKT, ERK, and subfamilies of MAPKs and by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and cell cycle regulation at critical points.