Another set of in vitro studies by Kavitha et al. [53] found that astaxanthin plays a significant role in relevant oncogenic intracellular pathways, including inhibition of NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways via inhibition of MAPKs kinases and PI3K/AKT/mTOR; this resulted in the induction of an intrinsic way of programmed cell death in a hamster model of oral cancer. Here, NFKB1 is linked to lip and oral cavity carcinoma.