In a subsequent preclinical study, the authors also found astaxanthin induces the intracellular pathway of programmed cell death in a hamster model of oral cancer to inhibit NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin activity through an inactivation of MAPKs kinases and PI3K/AKT signalling [53]. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma.