NPPB and Hyponatremia: This approach is frequently inaccurate even when augmented with laboratory surrogates such as Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), and as a result, adverse events such as hyponatremia, renal injury, and encephalopathy comprise the leading causes of the high hospitalization rates in this population (Stevenson, 1989; Volk et al., 2011).