In previous reports, the live cells or culture supernatants of S. salivarius strains isolated from the human oral cavity, feces, pharynges and blood reduced the NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory IL-8 production of human gingival, bronchial, pharyngeal, and intestinal epithelial cells in vitro stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines or pathogens (24, 43, 63, 64), and one oral S. salivarius strain significantly alleviated trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice (24). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is colitis.