TNF and Hyperglycemia: It should be noted that hyperglycemia was also linked to an increased risk of infection in vitro (8) and after surgical procedures (9), which is due to the excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (10, 11).