Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid has been associated with Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3), a receptor that is specific to dsRNA viral infection, as it activates cytokines (including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α), causing an inflammatory response (Fortier et al., 2004; Cunningham et al., 2007). Here, TLR3 is linked to viral infectious disease.