On the contrary, both aspartate aminotransferase (AST, Fig. 1D) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, Fig. 1E), whose levels increase as a result of both liver and muscle damage—as in the case of DMD—were markedly elevated in the mdx mice under normal fed conditions and after fasting overnight. This evidence concerns the gene GPT and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.