When we performed an in vitro exploration with lentivirus to downregulate (LV-shRNA) or overexpress (LV-TPX2) TPX2 in CD8+ T cells isolated from TILs in HCC (Supplementary Fig. S2), we found that TPX2 overexpression increased the proliferation (Ki67) and attenuated the apoptosis (A-Caspase-3) of CD8+ T cells and improved their production of effector cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α), while TPX2 downregulation reduced proliferation, enhanced apoptosis, and decreased the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α in CD8+ T cells (Fig. 2C, D). This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and hepatocellular carcinoma.