Of the 638 antiviral and inflammatory genes that were differentially expressed between lungs of uninfected macaques and macaques with lethal influenza, 541 (85%) were upregulated in response to infection, including inflammatory chemokines such as CXCL10 and CXCL13 and a cluster of IFN genes (Fig 2A and S3 Table). This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and influenza.