TNF and bipolar disorder: Numerous studies demonstrated systemic low-grade chronic inflammation profile in depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, and in anxiety and personality disorders, characterized by increases in peripheral levels of interleukin-1 (IL)-1 [54, 55, 57–59], IL-6 [54, 55, 57–59], IL-12 [54, 60, 61], interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) [54, 55, 57, 62], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [54, 55, 57–59, 61], and decreased levels of IL-4 [54, 58] and IL-10 [54, 55, 62].