TNF and endothelial dysfunction: The over-expression of cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin monocyte chemo attractant protein-1 (MCP-1), angiotensin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) fibrinogen, causes inflammation and lipid accumulation, which has a disastrous effect on blood vessels and can eventually cause endothelial dysfunction, cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction [128,129,130,131].