MTOR and central nervous system cancer: It has been shown that this is because MSCs increase the levels of proteins such as annexin A1 [ANXA1], 14-3-3 protein epsilon [YWHAE], and tumor protein p53 [TP53], and decrease the levels of proteins such as CD40, the mechanistic target of rapamycin [mTOR], and heat shock protein beta-1 [HSPB1] in glioma cells [80].