S100A8 and infection: While the overall prevalence of HP infection did not differ among individuals with normal BMD, osteoporosis, and osteopenia, infection by CagA-positive strains was significantly increased in osteoporotic (30%) and osteopenic (26%) patients compared to subjects with normal BMD (21%), which is equivalent to an odds ratio for osteoporosis/osteopenia of 1.34 (95% CIs, 1.01–1.78).