It was therefore surprising that, despite ~2-fold elevations of circulating insulin levels in both PCOS-like and control adult female monkeys for 6–7 months and exceeding previously found insulin levels associated with anovulation in PCOS-like monkeys with high BMI [61], experimentally induced chronic hyperinsulinemia failed to enhance or induce PCOS-like reproductive or metabolic traits in either female monkey group. Here, INS is linked to hyperinsulinism.