Morning fasting circulating levels of insulin first exceeded the target level of 694.5 pmol/L after 62.0 ± 27.9 days (mean ± SEM; ~2 months) and 26.8 ± 12.0 days (~1 month) in control and PCOS-like female monkeys, respectively (p ≤ 0.25). Here, INS is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.