Adult female rhesus monkeys, with highly comparable reproductive and metabolic physiology and pathophysiology to women, can exhibit naturally occurring T1D [67,68], T2D [69] and PCOS-like traits [70], as well as demonstrating gestational testosterone induction of PCOS-like traits in female monkeys [61], thus providing unparalleled animal models to functionally test whether administration of exogenous insulin, alone, can induce PCOS-like traits. This evidence concerns the gene INS and polycystic ovary syndrome.