Thus, in this cross-over designed study, in which the same monkeys were employed in both arms of this study, we administered daily insulin or placebo subcutaneous injections to both control and PCOS-like female monkeys for 6 to 7 months to experimentally increase circulating insulin (1) to levels that match or exceed those levels associated with anovulation in PCOS-like monkeys [61]; (2) potentially inducing ovarian hyperandrogenism, hypergonadotropism and weight gain; (3) impairing ovulatory function; and (4) replicating a PCOS-like phenotype in female non-human primates [63]. Here, INS is linked to Ovarian Hyperandrogenism.