As PCOS-like monkeys also demonstrate a large number of additional reproductive and metabolic traits associated with PCOS [62,63,65,118], and exhibit improved ovulatory menstrual cyclicity when treated with an insulin-sensitizing agent similar to women with PCOS [85], the present findings raise doubts about a simple, direct relationship between hyperinsulinemia, anovulation, hyperandrogenism and weight gain in women with PCOS. Here, INS is linked to hyperandrogenism.