Only gradual alterations in insulin doses were required to maintain target insulin elevations across the 6–7 month treatment phase, with insulin doses at the end of the treatment period either minimally changed (control females: 8.8 ± 2.2 U/day) or increased by ~50% (PCOS-like females: 12.2 ± 1.2 U/day), the latter suggesting a more pronounced degree of insulin resistance in PCOS-like female monkeys. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is polycystic ovary syndrome.