TNF and heart failure: Beside the classic marker that is CRP (which is an independent prognostic factor for adverse events in patients with heart failure) or NT-proBNP [104,105,106], an increased concentration of TNF- α, ST2, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, Galectin-3 (Gal-3), and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was also observed [107,108].