Since HMGB1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several oxidative stress-related chronic diseases, and considering that the topic is very broad, we discuss the role of HMGB1 in the principal socially relevant chronic diseases (cancer, diabetes, neural, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders) with the largest number of papers published from 2006 to 2021. Here, HMGB1 is linked to respiratory system disorder.