TNF and autoimmune disease: In addition to highly activated CD4+ T cells [8] and high levels of autoantibodies linked to classic autoimmune diseases [9,10], they present with higher plasma levels of numerous cytokines and chemokines such as granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, soluble IL-6R, IL-8 (CXC chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), IL-18, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CC chemokine ligand 2 [CCL2]) [11,12,13] than patients with moderate or mild COVID-19 disease [14], suggesting a more generalized hyperinflammatory condition.