Based on studies conducted on rat muscle cells treated acutely with FFA, the formation of the IRE1-TRAF2-IKK complex (with another type of TRAF than mentioned before) and the activation of NF-κB has also been linked to the palmitate’s ability to reduce GLUT4 gene expression, therefore indicating the connection between lipotoxic ER stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance [144]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is Insulin resistance.