Previously, 4-MU has also been shown to reduce JNK phosphorylation in IL-1-stimulated chondrocytes and LPS-mediated astrocytes [37,42], to enable inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in malignant pleural mesothelioma cells [43] and esophageal squamous cells [44], to inhibit NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells [45], and to increase in p-p38 levels in K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells [46]. The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is malignant pleural mesothelioma.