In 2001, Hattori et al. have shown using the non-cancer (vascular smooth muscle cells), murine in vitro model, that HNE has an impact on NF-κB dependent transcriptional activation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), through the inhibitory effect on proteolytic degradation of the cytosolic NF-κB inhibitory protein, IκBα. This evidence concerns the gene NOS2 and cancer.