CCL2 and hyperuricemia: First, hyperuricemia increases the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, which leads to migration and infiltration of macrophages and activates the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasomes through secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-18.