ACE and chronic kidney disease: CKD: chronic kidney disease; BMI: body mass index; HBP: high blood pressure; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; iDPP4: inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 SGLT2i: sodium–glucose co-transporter inhibitor; GLP1-RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.