TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In patients with T1DM, higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been detected that are physiological constituents of any inflammatory reaction, including interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12), interferons (IFNα/β, IFNγ), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factors (TNFα, TNFβ), and nitric oxide (NO) [5].