CD40LG and systemic lupus erythematosus: The detection of autoantibodies directed against phosphatidylethanolamine (aPE) has been proposed to improve the diagnosis and management of patients presenting clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), such as thrombosis and/or obstetric diseases, and who are persistently negative for conventional markers including lupus coagulant (LA), IgG and/or IgM anticardiolipin autoantibodies (aCL) and IgG and/or IgM anti β2 glycoprotein I autoantibodies (aβ2GPI).