First, hypertension can cause hemodynamic changes and an increase of pressure in the left atrium leading to enlargement of the atrium, and second, hypertension-related activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and autonomic dysregulation can also induce fibrosis in the left atrium (LA) contributing to the development of AF [70]. Here, REN is linked to hypertensive disorder.