TSHR and differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Nevertheless, approximately 60% foci are ultimately named as radioiodine refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma (RR-PTC) owing to the loss of iodide uptake and organification, which is controlled by thyroid-specific iodide-handling genes, including sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), and thyroglobulin (TG) [2].