There are considerable similarities between the development of pathologic fibrosis during injury repair and the emergence of a CAF-enriched tumor stroma, not the least of which involves the engagement of both the canonical (SMAD-dependent) and noncanonical (non-SMAD) arms of the TGF-β signaling network [3,15,20,21,22,23,24,25]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.