Pathogenic germline mutations in the CHEK2 gene have been consistently associated with mildly to moderately increased risk of developing cancers of the female breast, prostate, and kidney, and some evidence also supports increased risk of developing colorectal cancers, papillary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, endometrial, testicular, and male breast cancers, as well as some leukemias and lymphomas (reviewed in [2]). This evidence concerns the gene CHEK2 and cancer.