TNF and neoplasm: TGF-β expressed by the tumor cells lowers the expression of DCs maturation markers like CD83, CD80, CD86, and MHC II molecules [140], and inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that induce the maturation of DCs, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12, and IFN-α, while promoting the release of regulatory cytokines, including TGF-β itself [113,141].