Since galanin alone only affected cell survival at 96 h, and as a component of HNSCC-secreted products had no major effect on immune cell survival, we speculate that its anti-proliferative effect observed at 48 h involves direct modulation of the cell cycle and/or interference with IL-2R/TCR signaling. The gene discussed is IL2RA; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.