JAM-A is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor with well-characterized roles in tight junction formation, endothelial diapedesis and immune cell signal transduction in vascular, gut and lung endothelial cells.16–18,54 We demonstrated that astrocytes upregulate JAM-A in vitro in response to IL-1β, a critical pro-inflammatory cytokine in multiple sclerosis and EAE pathogenesis, and in vivo during EAE and intracortical injection of AdIL-1. This evidence concerns the gene F11R and multiple sclerosis.