TNF and neoplasm: A previous study indicated that tumor metastasis in mice brain was connected with the cGAMP transfer from tumor cells to astrocytes in an adjacent paracrine and endocytosis manner; in the process, the cGAS/STING pathway in astrocytes was activated as well as IFN-α and TNF-α, which contributed to establish a tumor growth advantage (Chen et al., 2016a).