IFNA1 and neoplasm: The tumor metabolite in TME, such as the amino acids tryptophan and arginine, the common TME hallmarks in clinical oncotherapy, are proposed to respond to IFN and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) cytokines to suppress antitumor immunity and promote tumorigenesis (Rodriguez et al., 2007; Weiner, 2009; Opitz et al., 2011).