However, the inflammatory picture in the diabetic retina is characterized by increased immune cell infiltration, leucocytes, microglial and complement system activation, higher levels of adhesive molecules levels (ICAM-1 and P-selectin) and inflammatory cytokines (COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1), and hyper-activated NF-κB [10, 14, 62]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and diabetes mellitus.