The role of TLR2 and TLR9 in neurodegenerative disorders is further supported by studies with animal models in that both TLR2 and TLR9 protein or RNA has been found to be upregulated in transgenic models of ALS or PD with either genetic or antibody-mediated block of these receptors shown to reduce the expression of inflammatory mediators and associated burden of pathologic proteins [15, 37, 39, 48]. The gene discussed is TLR9; the disease is Parkinson disease.