SYP and Alzheimer disease: Consistent with these results, immunostaining for synaptophysin and spinophilin displayed decreased levels (synaptophysin-cortex: P = 0.0007; synaptophysin-hippocampus: P < 0.001; spinophilin-cortex: P < 0.001; spinophilin-hippocampus: P < 0.001) in AD animals and was preserved in PBM-treated AD animals (synaptophysin-cortex: P = 0.0008; synaptophysin-hippocampus: P < 0.001; spinophilin-cortex: P = 0.026; spinophilin-hippocampus: P = 0.0042) (Figure 3C).