Notably, PBM treatment was able to significantly alleviate these changes in AD rats (Hbα in the cortex: P = 0.028; Hbα in the hippocampus: P = 0.013; Hbβ in the cortex: P = 0.033; Hbβ in the hippocampus: P = 0.0036). Here, HBB is linked to Alzheimer disease.